- Safe Sodium-Metal Batteries with Non-Flammable Electrolytes: A Simulated Electrochemical Performance and Safety Study

This article presents a simulated empirical study in electrochemistry, materials engineering, and grid-energy storage. The study represented 60 simulated pouch-scale cells, 20 per electrolyte condition, with 30,000 cycle-level records. A simulated 500-cycle sodium-metal battery dataset was produced for three electrolyte formulations: conventional carbonate, phosphate-based non-flammable electrolyte, and a salt-tuned phosphate electrolyte. Each condition included charge-discharge capacity, Coulombic efficiency, interfacial resistance, temperature-rise response, and modeled short-circuit abuse behavior. The simulation was informed by published sodium-metal electrolyte research but does not reproduce any specific experimental dataset. The salt-tuned phosphate formulation achieved the highest simulated capacity retention after 500 cycles (80.6%) and eliminated the modeled ignition event under the standardized abuse scenario. The conventional electrolyte delivered slightly higher initial capacity but experienced more rapid interfacial resistance growth and lower long-cycle retention. The non-flammable formulations showed a moderate low-temperature performance penalty. All numerical values, assignments, observations, and study outcomes are simulated for methodological illustration. No real participants, organizations, field sites, laboratories, or commercial systems were studied. The paper integrates current literature with a transparent empirical-style design and emphasizes reliability, uncertainty, implementation constraints, and the need for real-world validation before operational use.